Ran into a situation where there was an important need to recover some data from a long since defunct server. It just so happened that I had an archived bit-level image of one of the two physical drives in the server's RAID 1 array that had been taken sometime before the drives had been reprovisioned.
Not having a very good idea about how to proceed, I did a little Googling and started messing around. I found a lot of partial examples but very little in the way of a concrete guide on how to proceed. As such, I ran into a few hurdles. Hopefully my trials and tribulations in this area will prove useful to someone else who faces a similar task in the future.
[root@whatever]# mdadm --examine hd1.img
mdadm: No md superblock detected on hd1.img.
Clearly I wasn't using mdadm correctly. A glance at the man page and a few examples online got me started in the right direction... I needed to setup a loop device using losetup:
[root@whatever]# losetup /dev/loop0 hd1.img
[root@whatever]# fdisk -l /dev/loop0
Disk /dev/loop0: 80.0 GB, 80000000000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9726 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xdd99b711
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/loop0p1 * 1 13 104391 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/loop0p2 14 144 1052257+ fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/loop0p3 145 9726 76967415 fd Linux raid autodetect
Progress! Now that fdisk is able to see the partitions, I assumed I was pretty much finished. Back to mdadm to examine and ultimately assemble the RAID array... except mdadm couldn't find the partitions!
[root@whatever]# mdadm --examine /dev/loop0p3
mdadm: cannot open /dev/loop0p3: No such file or directory
This was unexpected. A quick file listing of /dev showed that indeed the /dev/loop0p* devices don't actually exist. A bit more Googling teaches me that I need to use kpartx to create device maps from the partition table for the loop device.
[root@whatever]# kpartx -a -v /dev/loop0
add map loop0p1 (253:2): 0 208782 linear /dev/loop0 63
add map loop0p2 (253:3): 0 2104515 linear /dev/loop0 208845
add map loop0p3 (253:4): 0 153934830 linear /dev/loop0 2313360
This step creates the loop0p* devices in /dev/mapper/. It is now a relatively simple task to use mdadm to assemble and run the array with a single disk:
[root@whatever]# mdadm -A --run /dev/md0 /dev/mapper/loop0p3
mdadm: /dev/md0 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2).
[root@whatever]# mkdir /mnt/disk && mount /dev/md0 /mnt/disk
That's pretty much it. Unfortunately at the end of it all it turns out the files I wanted to recover had been purged from the disk before this image of the drive had been taken, so my efforts were largely for naught... But that's another story. ;)
Update 2011-06-10: It turns out I had another image of the same single RAID disk prior to the needed files being purged stored in another location and was able to apply the same technique to recover the files from this image. Success!
